Ancient oceans

Continental drift has reconfigured the Earth's oceans, joining and splitting ancient oceans to form the current oceans. Ancient oceans include:

Panthalassa, the vast world ocean that surrounded the Pangaea super continent.
Tethys Ocean, the ocean between the ancient continents of Gondwana and Laurasia.
Iapetus Ocean, the southern hemisphere ocean between Baltica and Avalonia.

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The concept of continental drift was first proposed by Alfred Wegener. In 1912 he noticed that the shapes of continents on either side of the Atlantic Ocean seem to fit together (for example, Africa and South America). Francis Bacon, Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, Benjamin Franklin, and others had noted much the same thing earlier. The similarity of southern continent fossil faunae and some geological formations had led a relatively small number of Southern hemisphere geologists to conjecture as early as 1900 that all the continents had once been joined into a super continent known as Pangaea. The concept was initially ridiculed by most geologists, who felt that an explanation of how a continent drifted was a prerequisite and that the lack of one made the idea of drifting continents wholly unreasonable. The theory received support through the controversial years from South African geologist Alexander Du Toit as well as from Arthur Holmes. The idea of continental drift did not become widely accepted as theory until the 1950s in Europe. By the 1960s, geological research conducted by Robert S. Dietz, Bruce Heezen, and Harry Hess along with a rekindling of the theory including a mechanism by J. Tuzo Wilson led to acceptance among North American geologists.

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The hypothesis of continental drift became part of the larger theory of plate tectonics. This article deals mainly with the historical development of the continental drift hypothesis before 1950. See: plate tectonics for information on current ideas underlying concepts of continental drift.
Panthalassa (Greek for "all seas") was the vast global ocean that surrounded the super continent Pangaea during the late Paleozoic era and the early Mesozoic era. It included the vast Pacific Ocean on the west and north and the Tethys Ocean to the southeast. It became the Indian and Pacific Oceans following the closing of the Tethys basin and the breakup of Pangaea which created the Atlantic and Arctic Ocean basins

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The earth's equator was a line that roughly crossed the spot where Spain, Morocco (Casa Blanca), and Boston met. South of that line, the land mass was called Gondwana. North of the line, it was named Laurasia.
Gondwana, sometimes called Gondaranya, is a region of central India, and is named after the Gondi people who live there and in various other parts of India. The ancient continent of Gondwana was so named because some of the earliest rock formations of this continent were first investigated in part of that Indian region, now known as Orissa.
Pan is Greek for "all", and gaea comes from the Greek term gaios, meaning "earth"—hence Pangaea (all earth).
The Tethys Ocean existed between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia before the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. The shallow western end became the Tethys Sea, the geological ancestor of the modern Black, Caspian and Aral Seas.
The Iapetus Ocean was an ocean that existed in the Southern Hemisphere between what are now Scotland, England and Scandinavia between 400 and 600 million years ago.

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